Eczema : Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

Medically reviewed by Dr. Ramesh Gaddam, M.D. — Written by Sumalatha, D.N.H.E

Table of Contents

Eczema

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy skin and recurring rashes. It is a common condition that can affect people of all ages, but it is particularly prevalent in children. The exact cause of eczema is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Symptoms of Eczema

Some common symptoms of eczema are as follows:

1. Intense Itching:

Eczema is often characterized by persistent and severe itching, which can be a major source of discomfort for individuals with the condition.

2. Redness and Inflammation:

Affected areas of the skin typically exhibit redness and inflammation, contributing to the overall appearance of the eczematous skin.

3. Dry and Scaly Skin:

Eczema commonly leads to dry skin, and the affected areas may appear scaly or exhibit flakiness.

4. Rashes:

The development of rashes is a hallmark symptom of eczema. These rashes can vary in appearance and may be accompanied by other symptoms like oozing and crusting.

5. Swelling:

Prolonged inflammation in eczema can result in swelling of the skin, contributing to the overall discomfort and appearance of the affected areas.

6. Cracked Skin:

In more severe cases, the skin in eczematous areas may become cracked, increasing the risk of infection and further irritation.

7. Oozing and Crusting:

Some eczema rashes may ooze fluid and form crusts, adding another dimension to the range of symptoms.

8. Sensitive Skin:

Individuals with eczema often have skin that is highly sensitive to irritants, which can exacerbate symptoms and trigger flare-ups.

9. Sleep Disturbance:

The persistent itching and discomfort associated with eczema can interfere with sleep, leading to additional challenges for those with the condition.

10. Impact on Quality of Life:

Eczema can have a significant impact on a person’s quality of life, affecting daily activities and causing emotional distress due to the chronic nature of the condition.

It’s essential for individuals experiencing these symptoms to seek medical advice for proper diagnosis and management of eczema.

Causes of Eczema

The exact cause of eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors.

Here are some key factors associated with the development of eczema:

1. Genetics:

Family History: Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever are more predisposed to developing eczema. Genetic factors play a significant role in determining susceptibility.

2. Immune System Dysfunction:

Overactive Immune Response: Eczema is linked to an overactive immune system. In individuals with eczema, the immune system may react excessively to certain triggers, leading to inflammation and skin irritation.

3. Environmental Factors:

Irritants and Allergens: Exposure to irritants and allergens can trigger or exacerbate eczema symptoms. Common irritants include soaps, detergents, certain fabrics, and household chemicals. Allergens such as dust mites, pet dander, and pollen can also contribute.

4. Dry Skin:

Impaired Skin Barrier: People with eczema often have a compromised skin barrier, which allows moisture to escape and makes the skin more susceptible to irritants and allergens.

5. Climate and Weather:

Extreme Temperatures: Cold, dry weather can lead to dry skin and worsen eczema symptoms. Similarly, exposure to excessive heat or humidity may trigger flare-ups in some individuals.

6. Stress:

Psychological Factors: Stress and emotional factors can influence eczema. High levels of stress may contribute to flare-ups or exacerbate existing symptoms.

7. Microbial Factors:

Bacterial and Viral Infections: Skin infections caused by bacteria or viruses can trigger or worsen eczema symptoms. Scratching the affected areas can also introduce bacteria and lead to infections.

8. Dietary Factors:

Certain Foods: While uncommon, some individuals may experience eczema flare-ups due to specific foods. Common triggers include dairy products, eggs, nuts, and seeds.

9. Hormonal Changes:

Puberty and Pregnancy: Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during puberty or pregnancy, can influence eczema symptoms in some individuals.

Triggers of Eczema

Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, can be triggered or aggravated by various factors.

It’s important to note that triggers can vary from person to person, and identifying and managing individual triggers is crucial for effective eczema management.

Here are some common triggers associated with eczema:

1. Irritants:

Soaps and Detergents: Harsh soaps and detergents can strip the skin of its natural oils, leading to dryness and irritation.
Fragrances: Perfumes and fragrances in skincare products can be irritating to sensitive skin.

2. Allergens:

Dust Mites: These microscopic organisms are a common indoor allergen that can trigger eczema.
Pet Dander: Allergens from pets, especially cats and dogs, can worsen eczema symptoms.
Pollen: Exposure to pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds can be a trigger, particularly in individuals with hay fever.

3. Fabrics and Clothing:

Wool and Synthetic Fabrics: Rough or synthetic fabrics can irritate the skin and contribute to eczema flare-ups.
Tight Clothing: Clothing that is too tight or restrictive can trap heat and moisture, leading to irritation.

4. Climate and Weather:

Cold and Dry Weather: Low humidity and cold temperatures can contribute to dry skin and worsen eczema.
Hot and Humid Weather: Excessive heat and humidity can also trigger flare-ups in some individuals.

5. Stress:

Emotional Stress: High levels of stress or emotional distress can exacerbate eczema symptoms.

6. Microbial Factors:

Bacterial Infections: Skin infections caused by bacteria can worsen eczema. Scratching the affected areas can introduce bacteria and lead to infections.
Viral Infections: Certain viruses, such as the herpes simplex virus, can trigger eczema flare-ups.

7. Hormonal Changes:

Puberty and Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during puberty or pregnancy can influence eczema symptoms in some individuals.

8. Food Allergens:

Common Allergenic Foods: While food allergies are not a primary cause of eczema, certain foods may trigger or worsen symptoms in some individuals. Common culprits include dairy, eggs, nuts, and wheat.

9. Scratching:

Scratching the Skin: Scratching can further irritate the skin, leading to inflammation and worsening eczema symptoms.

10. Inadequate Skincare:

Lack of Moisturizing: Failing to moisturize the skin regularly can contribute to dryness and exacerbate eczema.

Diagnosis of Eczema

Diagnosing eczema (atopic dermatitis) typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes additional tests. Here’s an overview of the diagnostic process for eczema:

1. Medical History:

Symptom Review: A healthcare provider will inquire about the patient’s symptoms, including the nature of the skin rash, itching, and any potential triggers.
Family History: A family history of eczema, asthma, or allergic conditions may be explored, as there is a genetic component to eczema.

2. Physical Examination:

Skin Examination: The healthcare provider will closely examine the affected skin, looking for typical signs of eczema, such as redness, inflammation, dryness, and characteristic rashes.
Distribution of Rash: Eczema tends to appear in specific patterns, such as on the face (especially in infants), the inner elbows, behind the knees, and on the hands and feet.

3. Exclusion of Other Conditions:

Differential Diagnosis: The healthcare provider will consider other skin conditions that may resemble eczema, such as psoriasis, contact dermatitis, or fungal infections, and work to exclude them.

4. Additional Tests:

Allergy Testing: In some cases, allergy testing may be recommended to identify specific allergens that could be triggering or exacerbating eczema symptoms.
Skin Biopsy: In rare cases where the diagnosis is unclear, a skin biopsy may be performed to rule out other skin disorders.

5. Monitoring and Tracking:

Keeping a Symptom Diary: Patients may be advised to keep a diary to track their symptoms, including potential triggers and the effectiveness of various treatments.

6. Consultation with Specialists:

Dermatologist: A dermatologist, a doctor specializing in skin disorders, is often involved in the diagnosis and management of eczema.
Allergist/Immunologist: For cases where allergies are suspected to be a significant trigger, consultation with an allergist or immunologist may be recommended.

7. Treatment Trial:

Response to Treatment: If the clinical presentation strongly suggests eczema, a healthcare provider may initiate a treatment trial with moisturizers, emollients, and topical corticosteroids to observe the response.

8. Follow-Up:

Regular Monitoring: Patients with eczema typically require ongoing monitoring, as the condition can be chronic. Follow-up appointments help assess treatment effectiveness and make adjustments as needed.

9. Education and Management Plan:

Patient Education: Healthcare providers often provide education on eczema triggers, proper skincare routines, and lifestyle modifications to manage and prevent flare-ups.

Treatment of Eczema

The treatment of eczema (atopic dermatitis) aims to relieve symptoms, control inflammation, prevent flare-ups, and improve the overall quality of life for individuals with the condition.

Treatment plans are often personalized based on the severity of symptoms and may involve a combination of lifestyle modifications, skincare practices, and medications.

Here’s an overview of common approaches to treating eczema:

1. Emollients and Moisturizers:

Regular Moisturizing: Applying moisturizers and emollients helps to keep the skin hydrated, reducing dryness and preventing flare-ups.
Ointments or Creams: Ointments are often more effective than creams or lotions for moisturizing and protecting the skin.

2. Topical Corticosteroids:

Anti-Inflammatory Medications: Topical corticosteroids are commonly prescribed to reduce inflammation and itching. They come in varying strengths and formulations.
Short-Term Use: They are generally used for short periods and under the guidance of a healthcare provider to minimize side effects.

3. Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors:

Immunomodulators: These medications, such as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, are used to reduce inflammation and are particularly useful in sensitive skin areas like the face and neck.
Prescribed for Certain Cases: They may be recommended when topical corticosteroids are not suitable or for long-term management.

4. Antihistamines:

Oral or Topical Antihistamines: These can help alleviate itching, particularly when taken at bedtime to aid sleep.

5. Wet Wrap Therapy:

Hydration and Medication: Wet wrap therapy involves applying a damp layer of clothing over moisturizers or medications to enhance their effectiveness.

6. Avoiding Triggers:

Identifying and Avoiding Triggers: Patients are encouraged to identify and avoid specific triggers that worsen their eczema, such as certain fabrics, irritants, or allergens.

7. Phototherapy (Light Therapy):

Controlled Exposure to UV Light: In some cases, controlled exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light under medical supervision may be recommended to reduce inflammation.

8. Oral Medications:

Systemic Steroids: In severe cases, short-term use of oral corticosteroids may be prescribed to control inflammation.
Immunosuppressants: In certain situations, medications that suppress the immune system may be considered for severe and refractory cases.

9. Biologic Medications:

Advanced Treatments: Biologic drugs, such as dupilumab, may be prescribed for moderate to severe eczema that does not respond to other treatments.

10. Behavioral and Psychological Support:

Stress Management: Stress management techniques can be beneficial, as stress can trigger or exacerbate eczema symptoms.

11. Educational Support:

Patient Education: Providing information about eczema, triggers, and proper skincare is essential for effective self-management.

Prevention of Eczema

While eczema (atopic dermatitis) may have a genetic component and cannot always be completely prevented, there are strategies that can help reduce the frequency and severity of flare-ups.

Prevention measures often focus on maintaining skin health, avoiding triggers, and making lifestyle adjustments. Here are some tips for preventing eczema:

1. Skincare Practices:

Regular Moisturizing: Keep the skin well-hydrated by using emollients and moisturizers regularly. This is particularly important after bathing.
Use Mild Soaps: Choose fragrance-free and mild soaps or cleansers to avoid skin irritation.

2. Avoiding Irritants:

Identify and Avoid Triggers: Be aware of environmental factors, such as certain fabrics, harsh detergents, and household chemicals, that may irritate the skin. Take steps to minimize exposure.

3. Appropriate Clothing:

Choose Soft Fabrics: Wear soft, breathable fabrics like cotton and avoid rough or scratchy materials.
Loose Clothing: Select loose-fitting clothing to reduce friction and allow the skin to breathe.

4. Temperature and Humidity Control:

Maintain Comfortable Conditions: Extreme temperatures, both hot and cold, can trigger eczema. Control the indoor environment to maintain a comfortable temperature and humidity level.

5. Allergen Management:

Identify Allergens: If certain allergens trigger eczema, take steps to minimize exposure. This may involve using allergen-proof covers on bedding, regularly cleaning the home, and addressing pet dander if applicable.

6. Stress Management:

Stress Reduction Techniques: Practice stress management techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, yoga, or other relaxation methods. Stress can exacerbate eczema symptoms.

7. Dietary Considerations:

Identify Food Triggers: For some individuals, certain foods may trigger eczema. Identifying and avoiding these triggers can be helpful.

8. Regular Exercise:

Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle: Regular physical activity can contribute to overall well-being, including stress reduction. However, be mindful of sweating and choose breathable clothing.

9. Avoiding Tobacco Smoke:

Avoid Smoke Exposure: Tobacco smoke can worsen eczema symptoms. If possible, avoid exposure to smoke.

10. Hydration:

Adequate Water Intake: Stay hydrated by drinking enough water, as this can contribute to skin health.

11. Routine Checkups:

Regular Healthcare Visits: Schedule routine checkups with a healthcare provider to monitor and manage eczema. This is especially important for those with moderate to severe cases.

12. Educational Support:

Learn About Eczema: Education about eczema, its triggers, and proper skincare is essential for effective prevention and management.

Conclusion

It’s important to note that what works for one person may not work for another, as eczema triggers can vary widely.

Consulting with a healthcare professional, typically a dermatologist, can help individuals develop a personalized prevention plan based on their specific needs and circumstances.

If you suspect you have eczema or are struggling to manage your symptoms, seek guidance from a healthcare provider for a comprehensive evaluation and tailored recommendations.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is Eczema?

Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy skin and recurring rashes. It can affect people of all ages but is particularly common in children.

2. What Causes Eczema, and What Does Eczema Look Like?

Eczema can be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. It is characterized by redness, inflammation, dryness, and often presents with itchy rashes on the skin.

3. How to Cure Eczema Permanently?

There is no known cure for eczema, but various treatments aim to manage symptoms. Consultation with a healthcare professional is essential for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

4. How to Treat Eczema?

Treatment for eczema involves a combination of moisturizing, avoiding triggers, and, in some cases, using prescribed medications such as corticosteroids or immunomodulators.

5. How to Get Rid of Eczema?

While eczema cannot be completely eliminated, symptoms can be managed effectively with proper skincare, lifestyle adjustments, and medical treatments.

6. What Causes Eczema Flare-Ups?

Eczema flare-ups can be triggered by factors such as irritants, allergens, stress, and changes in weather. Identifying and avoiding these triggers can help prevent flare-ups.

7. What Causes Eczema in Adults?

Eczema in adults has similar causes to that in children, including genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune system dysfunction.

8. How I Cured My Baby’s Eczema?

Individual experiences with managing baby’s eczema can vary. Consulting with a pediatrician or dermatologist for a personalized plan is recommended.

9. What is Eczema Caused By?

Eczema is caused by a combination of genetic factors, immune system dysfunction, and exposure to environmental triggers.

10. What is the Difference Between Eczema and Psoriasis?

Eczema and psoriasis are both skin conditions, but they have different causes, symptoms, and treatments. Eczema is often associated with allergies, while psoriasis is an autoimmune condition.

11. How Do You Get Eczema?

Eczema has a genetic component, and environmental factors, irritants, and allergens can contribute to its development. It is not contagious.

12. What is the Difference Between Psoriasis and Eczema?

Psoriasis and eczema are distinct skin conditions. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder, while eczema is often associated with allergies and immune system dysfunction.

13. How to Stop Eczema Itching Immediately?

Immediate relief from itching involves avoiding scratching, applying cold compresses, and using prescribed anti-itch medications.

14. What Causes an Eczema Flare-Up?

Eczema flare-ups can be triggered by stress, exposure to irritants, changes in weather, and allergic reactions. Identifying triggers is crucial for prevention.

15. What Triggers Eczema?

Eczema can be triggered by various factors, including allergens, irritants, stress, climate changes, and certain foods.

16. How Does Eczema Start?

Eczema can start in infancy and may persist into adulthood. It often begins with dry, itchy skin and the development of red, inflamed rashes.

17. How to Treat Eczema on Hands?

Treatment for eczema on the hands involves moisturizing, avoiding irritants, and using prescribed medications to manage inflammation.

18. What Causes Eczema in Babies?

Eczema in babies may be influenced by genetics, environmental factors, and their immature immune systems. Common triggers include irritants and allergens.

19. How to Treat Eczema on the Face?

Treatment for facial eczema involves gentle skincare, avoiding triggers, and using prescribed medications as recommended by a healthcare professional.

External References

Medically reviewed by Dr. Ramesh Gaddam, M.D.

Medically Reviewed by Dr. Ramesh Gaddam, MD

General Physician, Diabetologist, and Critical Care Specialist.

Discover more from Health Build-Up

Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.