Dandruff: Types, Causes, Removal, (10 Home Remedies)

Medically reviewed by Dr. Ramesh Gaddam, M.D. — Written by Sumalatha, D.N.H.E

Table of Contents

Dandruff is a common scalp condition characterized by the flaking of dead skin cells from the scalp. It often leads to the appearance of white or grayish flakes in the hair and on the shoulders. While small amounts of flaking are normal as the skin on the scalp renews itself, excessive flaking and the associated itching can be indicative of dandruff.

Types of dandruff

Dandruff can be categorized into different types based on its underlying causes.

Common types include:

Dry Skin Dandruff:

Caused by dry scalp and is often characterized by small, white flakes.

Oily Scalp Dandruff:

Associated with excessive oil production on the scalp, leading to larger, yellowish flakes.

Fungal Dandruff:

Caused by the overgrowth of Malassezia fungus on the scalp.

Seborrheic Dermatitis:

A more severe form of dandruff characterized by red, inflamed skin and stubborn, yellowish flakes.

Causes of Dandruff

Causes of dandruff includes:

Dry Skin:

If your scalp is excessively dry, it can lead to flaking and dandruff.

Seborrheic Dermatitis:

This is a common skin condition that mainly affects the scalp, causing redness, itching, and flaking.

Malassezia:

This is a yeast-like fungus that can contribute to dandruff when it grows excessively on the scalp.

Not Shampooing Enough:

If you don’t wash your hair regularly, oil and dead skin cells can accumulate, leading to dandruff.

Certain Skin Conditions:

Conditions like psoriasis and eczema can affect the scalp and lead to dandruff.

Sensitivity to Hair Care Products:

Some people may be sensitive to certain ingredients in hair care products, leading to dandruff.

Dandruff Removal Home Remedies

Several home remedies may help manage and reduce dandruff. Keep in mind that individual responses to these remedies may vary, and it’s essential to be consistent in their application.

Here are some common home remedies for dandruff:

Tea Tree Oil:

Tea tree oil has antifungal properties that may help reduce dandruff.

Add a few drops to your regular shampoo or mix it with a carrier oil (such as coconut oil) and apply it to your scalp.

Leave it on for about 5-10 minutes before rinsing.

Coconut Oil:

Coconut oil can help moisturize the scalp and reduce dryness.

Massage warm coconut oil into your scalp and leave it on for at least 30 minutes before washing your hair.

Apple Cider Vinegar:

Dilute apple cider vinegar with water and apply it to your scalp.

Leave it on for 15-20 minutes before rinsing. It may help balance the pH of the scalp and reduce dandruff.

Aloe Vera:

Aloe vera has soothing and moisturizing properties.

Apply fresh aloe vera gel directly to the scalp, leave it on for about 30 minutes, and then rinse it off.

Baking Soda:

Wet your hair and rub a handful of baking soda into your scalp, focusing on areas with dandruff.

Rinse thoroughly. Baking soda may help exfoliate the scalp and reduce flakes.

Olive Oil:

Warm olive oil and massage it into your scalp.

Leave it on for about 30 minutes before shampooing. This can help moisturize the scalp and reduce flakiness.

Yogurt and Lemon:

Mix yogurt with a few drops of lemon juice and apply it to your scalp.

Leave it on for about 30 minutes before washing your hair. The lactic acid in yogurt may help exfoliate the scalp.

Neem Oil:

Neem oil has antimicrobial properties.

Mix a few drops of neem oil with a carrier oil and apply it to your scalp. Leave it on for about 10-15 minutes before washing your hair.

Fenugreek Seeds:

Soak fenugreek seeds in water overnight and blend them into a paste.

Apply the paste to your scalp, leave it on for about 30 minutes, and then wash your hair.

Epsom Salt:

Dissolve Epsom salt in water and massage the solution into your scalp.

Leave it on for a few minutes before rinsing.

Note:

It’s important to note that while these home remedies may provide relief for some people, they may not work for everyone.

If your dandruff persists or worsens, or if you have other symptoms, it’s recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or dermatologist for personalized advice and appropriate treatment.

Dandruff vs Dry Scalp

Dandruff and dry scalp are two different conditions, although they can share some similar symptoms. Understanding the differences can help in choosing the appropriate treatment.

Dandruff:

Cause: Dandruff is often associated with the overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus called Malassezia on the scalp.

Symptoms: Besides the presence of white or grayish flakes, dandruff may be accompanied by itching and redness of the scalp.

Nature of Flakes: The flakes associated with dandruff are usually larger and oilier.

Scalp Moisture: The scalp may not necessarily be excessively dry; in fact, it can sometimes be oily.

Treatment: Anti-dandruff shampoos containing ingredients like zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole, selenium sulfide, or coal tar are often effective.

Dry Scalp:

Cause: Dry scalp occurs when the skin on the scalp lacks sufficient moisture, leading to flaking.

Symptoms: Flakes from a dry scalp are typically smaller and appear powdery. Itching and redness may also be present.

Nature of Flakes: The flakes from a dry scalp are often smaller and drier compared to the larger, oily flakes associated with dandruff.

Scalp Moisture: Dry scalp is characterized by a lack of moisture. The scalp may feel tight, and there might be noticeable dryness.

Treatment: Moisturizing the scalp with oils (like coconut or olive oil) and using a gentle, hydrating shampoo can help alleviate dry scalp.

Dandruff Treatment

The treatment for dandruff typically involves using anti-dandruff shampoos and making certain lifestyle changes to address the underlying causes.

Here are some general recommendations for dandruff treatment:

Use Anti-Dandruff Shampoos:

Choose shampoos that contain active ingredients known to combat dandruff. Common ingredients include:

Zinc Pyrithione:

Helps to reduce the growth of yeast on the scalp.

Ketoconazole:

An antifungal agent that can be effective against Malassezia.

Selenium Sulfide:

Slows down the growth of skin cells and reduces Malassezia.

Coal Tar:

Slows the growth of skin cells and has anti-inflammatory properties.

Regular Shampooing:

Wash your hair regularly to keep the scalp clean. How often you shampoo depends on your hair type and lifestyle. People with oily hair may need to shampoo more frequently.

Massage Your Scalp:

Gently massage your scalp while shampooing. This can help remove dead skin cells and improve blood circulation.

Follow Product Instructions:

Follow the instructions on the anti-dandruff shampoo regarding application frequency and duration.

Some shampoos are meant for daily use, while others may be used less frequently.

Avoid Irritants:

Be mindful of hair care products that may irritate the scalp. Harsh chemicals and excessive use of styling products can contribute to dandruff.

Manage Stress:

Stress can exacerbate dandruff, so find ways to manage stress through activities like exercise, meditation, or relaxation techniques.

Balanced Diet:

Ensure that your diet is balanced and includes essential nutrients. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish and flaxseed, may contribute to a healthy scalp.

Limit Sun Exposure:

Excessive sun exposure can worsen dandruff. Protect your scalp from the sun, especially if you have a tendency to get sunburned.

Check Other Skin Conditions:

If you have conditions like psoriasis or eczema, which can affect the scalp, work with your healthcare provider to manage these conditions effectively.

Consult a Dermatologist:

If over-the-counter shampoos and home remedies are not providing relief, or if you have severe dandruff, it’s advisable to consult with a dermatologist.

They can help identify the specific cause of your dandruff and recommend appropriate treatment.

Lice Eggs vs Dandruff

haracteristic	Lice Eggs (Nits)	Dandruff
Color	Light or dark brown, oval-shaped	White or yellowish flakes
Attachment	Attached to the hair shaft	Loosely attached to the scalp
Location	Typically found close to the scalp	Throughout the scalp
Texture	Hard, glued to the hair	Soft, often easily brushed off
Movement	Does not move	Flakes do not move
Itching	Often accompanied by itching	May or may not be accompanied by itching
Transmissibility	Can be transmitted through close head-to-head contact	Non-contagious and not transmitted from person to person
Treatment Approach	Requires specific lice treatment products and nit combing	Treated with anti-dandruff shampoos or other scalp treatments

Summary:

It’s important to note that while dandruff is a common scalp condition, lice infestation is a parasitic infection.

If you suspect lice infestation, it’s crucial to seek appropriate treatment, which may involve the use of medicated shampoos specifically designed to eliminate lice and their eggs, as well as thorough combing to remove nits from the hair.

If you are uncertain about the cause of an itchy scalp or the presence of white particles, consulting a healthcare professional or a dermatologist can help provide an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Severe Dandruff

Severe dandruff, also known as seborrheic dermatitis, can be challenging to manage, but there are various treatment options available.

If you’re experiencing persistent and severe dandruff, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or a dermatologist for a comprehensive evaluation and personalized treatment plan.

Here are some general recommendations for managing severe dandruff:

Medicated Shampoos:

Use medicated shampoos containing active ingredients such as:

Ketoconazole: An antifungal agent that can be effective against the yeast Malassezia.

Coal Tar: Slows down the growth of skin cells and has anti-inflammatory properties.

Salicylic Acid: Helps to exfoliate the scalp and reduce scaling.

Selenium Sulfide: Slows down the growth of skin cells and reduces Malassezia.

Zinc Pyrithione: Helps to reduce the growth of yeast on the scalp.

Prescription Medications:

In severe cases, a dermatologist may prescribe topical or oral medications to manage inflammation and control the overgrowth of yeast.

Topical Steroids:

For inflammation associated with seborrheic dermatitis, topical steroids may be recommended. These should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Antifungal Creams:

If seborrheic dermatitis extends beyond the scalp onto other areas of the body, antifungal creams may be prescribed.

Regular Shampooing:

Wash your hair regularly with the recommended medicated shampoo. Follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider or on the product label.

Scalp Massage:

Gently massage your scalp while shampooing to help loosen flakes and improve blood circulation.

Avoid Irritants:

Be mindful of hair care products that may irritate the scalp, and minimize the use of styling products.

Moisturize the Scalp:

Use a non-comedogenic, hypoallergenic moisturizer on the scalp to alleviate dryness.

Phototherapy:

In some cases, light therapy (phototherapy) may be recommended to help manage symptoms.

Lifestyle Changes:

Manage stress through relaxation techniques, regular exercise, and sufficient sleep, as stress can exacerbate seborrheic dermatitis.

Hair Loss with Dandruff

Hair loss can be associated with dandruff, but it’s important to understand that in most cases, dandruff itself does not directly cause hair loss.

However, the underlying conditions that lead to dandruff, such as seborrheic dermatitis or an overgrowth of the yeast Malassezia on the scalp, may contribute to hair loss if left untreated.

Here are some ways in which dandruff and hair loss may be connected:

Inflammation:

Conditions like seborrheic dermatitis can cause inflammation of the scalp. Prolonged inflammation may affect the hair follicles, leading to hair loss.

Itching and Scratching:

Persistent itching associated with dandruff may lead to scratching, which can damage the hair shafts and follicles. Mechanical damage from scratching can contribute to hair breakage.

Fungal Infections:

An overgrowth of Malassezia, the yeast linked to dandruff, may affect hair follicles and contribute to hair loss.

To address hair loss associated with dandruff, consider the following steps:

Treat the Underlying Cause:

Use medicated shampoos containing active ingredients like ketoconazole, coal tar, selenium sulfide, or zinc pyrithione to address the dandruff and its underlying causes.

Avoid Scratching:

Minimize scratching to prevent damage to the scalp and hair. If itching is severe, consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate anti-itch medications.

Hair Care Practices:

Be gentle with your hair. Avoid tight hairstyles, excessive heat, and chemical treatments that can contribute to hair breakage.

Healthy Diet:

Ensure you have a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals that support hair health.

Consult a Dermatologist:

If dandruff and hair loss persist despite over-the-counter treatments, consult a dermatologist for a thorough evaluation.

They can provide a more targeted treatment plan and address any underlying issues.

Lice vs Dandruff

Lice and dandruff are two different issues related to the scalp, but they can sometimes be confused due to similarities in symptoms.

Here are the key differences between lice and dandruff:

haracteristic	Head Lice	Dandruff
Cause	Parasitic insects (lice)	Overproduction of skin oil and yeast
Appearance	Tiny, wingless insects	Small, white or yellow flakes
Location	Close to the scalp, attached to hair shafts	Scalp and hair
Itching	Intense itching, especially behind ears and neck	Mild itching, if at all
Transmission	Direct head-to-head contact	Not contagious
Movement	Lice can crawl	No movement
Presence of Eggs	Nits (lice eggs) firmly attached to hair shafts	No eggs
Treatment	Specialized lice treatment shampoos, combing, and nit removal	Anti-dandruff shampoos and good scalp hygiene

Frequently Asked Questions

How can we remove dandruff?

To effectively remove dandruff, consider the following tips:

Use a specialized anti-dandruff shampoo:

Choose a shampoo with active ingredients like pyrithione zinc, ketoconazole, selenium sulfide, or coal tar.

Regular hair washing:

Wash your hair regularly to prevent the buildup of oil and dead skin cells on the scalp.

Scalp exfoliation:

Gently exfoliate your scalp to remove dead skin cells. You can use a soft brush or a mild exfoliating scrub.

Maintain good hair hygiene:

Avoid sharing combs, brushes, or hats, and keep your hair and scalp clean.

Healthy diet:

Consume a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals to promote overall scalp health.

What is the main cause of dandruff?

The primary cause of dandruff is an overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus called Malassezia on the scalp. Other factors that contribute to dandruff include:

Dry skin:

Dry scalp can lead to flaking and itching.

Seborrheic dermatitis:

An inflammatory skin condition that can affect the scalp and other areas, causing dandruff.

Not shampooing enough:

Infrequent washing can lead to an accumulation of oil and dead skin cells.

Sensitive skin:

Some individuals may have a sensitivity to certain hair care products or ingredients.

How can I cure my dandruff?

While there may not be a permanent cure for dandruff, it can usually be managed effectively with the following steps:

Use an anti-dandruff shampoo:

Choose a shampoo with active ingredients that target the underlying causes of dandruff.

Consistent hair care routine:

Wash your hair regularly, but not excessively, to maintain scalp health.

Avoid irritating products:

Be cautious with hair care products that may cause irritation. Opt for gentle, hypoallergenic options.

Healthy lifestyle:

Maintain a balanced diet, stay hydrated, and manage stress, as these factors can contribute to overall scalp health.

What is dandruff bad for?

Dandruff itself is generally not harmful, but it can lead to several issues if left untreated:

Itching and discomfort:

Persistent itching can be bothersome and may lead to skin irritation.

Social and self-esteem issues:

Visible flakes on clothing can be embarrassing, impacting self-confidence.

Inflammation: In some cases, dandruff can lead to inflammation and redness on the scalp.

Secondary infections:

Scratching the scalp excessively can create small wounds, increasing the risk of secondary infections.

Addressing dandruff promptly can help alleviate these issues and improve overall scalp health.

Does hot water cause dandruff?

Hot water can potentially contribute to dandruff by stripping the scalp of its natural oils, leading to dryness.

A dry scalp can trigger an overproduction of oil as a compensatory mechanism, creating an environment conducive to the growth of the yeast that contributes to dandruff.

It’s advisable to use lukewarm water for hair washing to avoid excessive dryness.

Does dandruff reduce hair growth?

Dandruff itself is not a direct cause of hair loss, but persistent scratching of the scalp due to itching can potentially damage hair follicles and lead to hair breakage.

Additionally, underlying conditions that contribute to dandruff, such as seborrheic dermatitis, may have an impact on hair health.

Treating dandruff and its underlying causes can help maintain a healthy scalp environment for optimal hair growth.

How can I remove dandruff permanently at home?

While it’s challenging to guarantee permanent removal, you can manage and reduce dandruff at home with the following practices:

Use anti-dandruff shampoos:

Choose shampoos containing active ingredients like ketoconazole, pyrithione zinc, selenium sulfide, or coal tar.

Regular hair washing:

Wash your hair regularly to prevent the buildup of oil and dead skin cells.

Scalp massage:

Gently massage your scalp to improve blood circulation and promote a healthy scalp environment.

Natural remedies:

Some people find relief with natural remedies like tea tree oil, aloe vera, or apple cider vinegar. However, individual responses may vary.

Balanced diet:

Ensure you have a nutritious diet, as deficiencies in certain nutrients can contribute to scalp issues.

Does removing dandruff stop hair fall?

Addressing dandruff can help prevent scalp irritation and reduce the likelihood of excessive scratching, which could contribute to hair breakage.

However, dandruff itself is not a direct cause of hair fall.

If you’re experiencing significant hair loss, it’s essential to consider other factors such as genetics, hormonal changes, or underlying medical conditions and consult with a healthcare professional.

Does hair wash remove dandruff?

Regular and thorough hair washing can help manage and reduce dandruff by removing excess oil and dead skin cells from the scalp.

However, it’s crucial to use an anti-dandruff shampoo with active ingredients to specifically target the underlying causes of dandruff.

Consistency in a proper hair care routine, including the use of suitable products, is key to effectively managing and preventing dandruff.

Can lemon remove dandruff?

Lemon has natural acidic properties that may help reduce dandruff.

You can apply freshly squeezed lemon juice to your scalp, leave it on for a few minutes, and then wash your hair.

The acidity may help balance the pH of the scalp and reduce flakiness.

However, be cautious, as lemon can also be drying, and excessive use may lead to increased dryness or irritation.

Is coconut oil good for dandruff?

Coconut oil is often used to moisturize the scalp and can provide temporary relief from dryness associated with dandruff.

Some people find that applying warm coconut oil to the scalp before washing their hair helps reduce flakiness.

However, coconut oil may not directly address the underlying causes of dandruff like antifungal ingredients in specialized shampoos would.

Should I oil my hair if I have dandruff?

Oiling your hair, especially with soothing oils like coconut oil or tea tree oil, can help moisturize the scalp and reduce dryness associated with dandruff.

However, it’s crucial to strike a balance, as excessive oiling may exacerbate the condition.

Oiling before washing your hair and using an anti-dandruff shampoo can be a beneficial routine.

Can aloe vera remove dandruff?

Aloe vera has anti-inflammatory and soothing properties that can be beneficial for the scalp.

Applying aloe vera gel to the scalp may help reduce irritation and flakiness associated with dandruff.

However, like other natural remedies, individual responses can vary, and aloe vera may not completely eliminate dandruff for everyone.

Is dandruff normal?

Dandruff is a common condition and is generally considered normal.

It often results from factors like a yeast-like fungus on the scalp, dry skin, sensitivity to hair care products, or other underlying conditions.

While it may be persistent, it is usually manageable with proper hair care and the use of anti-dandruff products.

Is onion oil good for dandruff?

Onion oil is believed to have antibacterial and antifungal properties, which may help address dandruff caused by a fungal infection.

Some people use onion oil as a home remedy for dandruff by massaging it into the scalp.

However, scientific evidence supporting its effectiveness is limited, and the strong smell may be a concern for some.

If considering onion oil, perform a patch test to ensure you don’t have an adverse reaction.

It’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice on dandruff management.

How do you use curd for dandruff?

Curd, also known as yogurt, can be used to address dandruff. Here’s a simple method:

Ingredients:

- Plain curd (unsweetened yogurt)

Procedure:

- Take an appropriate amount of plain curd.
- Apply it directly to your scalp and hair.
- Massage it gently into your scalp.
- Leave it on for about 15-30 minutes.
- Rinse thoroughly with a mild shampoo.

Curd contains probiotics and lactic acid, which can help soothe the scalp and reduce dandruff. The acidity of curd may also help maintain the scalp’s natural pH.

How to cure dandruff permanently?

Curing dandruff permanently can be challenging, but you can manage it effectively with these tips:

Use anti-dandruff shampoos:

Choose shampoos with active ingredients like ketoconazole, pyrithione zinc, selenium sulfide, or coal tar.

Consistent hair washing:

Wash your hair regularly to prevent the buildup of oil and dead skin cells on the scalp.

Scalp exfoliation:

Gently exfoliate your scalp to remove dead skin cells.

Maintain good hair hygiene:

Avoid sharing combs, brushes, or hats, and keep your hair and scalp clean.

Healthy diet:

Consume a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals to promote overall scalp health.

Manage stress:

Stress can contribute to dandruff, so practicing stress-reduction techniques may be beneficial.

If dandruff persists, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

Is dandruff a fungus?

Yes, dandruff is often associated with the overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus called Malassezia on the scalp.

This fungus is a natural part of the scalp’s microbiome, but an overgrowth can lead to irritation, inflammation, and flaking, resulting in dandruff.

How to get rid of dandruff?

To get rid of dandruff, you can follow these general steps:

Use an anti-dandruff shampoo:

Choose a shampoo with active ingredients targeting the underlying causes of dandruff.

Regular hair washing:

Wash your hair regularly, but not excessively, to maintain scalp health.

Scalp massage:

Gently massage your scalp to improve blood circulation and promote a healthy scalp environment.

Natural remedies:

Some people find relief with natural remedies like tea tree oil, aloe vera, or apple cider vinegar. However, individual responses may vary.

Balanced diet:

Ensure you have a nutritious diet, as deficiencies in certain nutrients can contribute to scalp issues.

Medically reviewed by Dr. Ramesh Gaddam, M.D.

Medically Reviewed by Dr. Ramesh Gaddam, MD

General Physician, Diabetologist, and Critical Care Specialist.

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